ENA-78

Epithelial cell-derived-neutrophi-lactivating-peptide (ENA78) also known as CXCL5, is an 8 kDa proinflammatory member of the CXC subfamily of chemokines. Its GluLeuArg (ELR) motif confers angiogenic properties and distinguishes it from ELRCXC chemokines which are angiostatic. Human CXCL5 shares 57% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with mouse and rat CXCL5. Among other human ELR+ chemokines, it shares 77% aa sequence identity with CXCL6/GCP2 and 35%51% with CXCL1/GRO alpha, CXCL2/GRO beta, CXCL3/GRO gamma, CXCL7/NAP2, and CXCL8/IL8. Inflammatory stimulation upregulates CXCL5 production in multiple hematopoietic cell types, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. In vivo, CXCL5 is elevated at sites of inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis where it promotes neutrophil infiltration and activation as well as angiogenesis. Its upregulation contributes to increased vascularization, tumor growth, and metastasis in many cancers. Full length CXCL5 (78 aa) is trimmed at the N-terminal end by Cathepsin G and chymotrypsin to ENA74 (74 aa) and ENA70 (70 aa), with the shortened forms showing increased potency relative to full length CXCL5. CXCL5 exerts its effects primarily through interactions with CXCR2. It also binds DARC, a decoy chemokine receptor which can limit CXCR2-mediated responses.